Learn: money, explained properly

Our calculators give you the answer. These guides show you why — the mechanics, the history, and the maths underneath the numbers, worked through in full with real figures. Every guide has the matching calculator embedded in the middle, so you can switch from reading to running your own numbers without leaving the page.

Start with the big ideas

How Compound Interest Works

How growth on growth actually works, the Rule of 72, and why starting at 25 beats saving double at 35.

What Is a Good Expense Ratio?

What a 1% fund fee really costs over 30 years — about a quarter of your wealth — and what you should be paying.

How Mortgage Amortization Works

Why you still owe 73% halfway through a 30-year mortgage, and what an extra $200 a month does about it.

Planning retirement

How Much Should You Have Saved by 30, 40, 50 and 60?

The 1×/3×/6× salary benchmarks by age, the model inside them, and the honest maths of catching up.

How the 4% Rule Works — and Where It Breaks

Bengen, the Trinity study, and the sequence-of-returns trap that can sink a retirement the averages say is safe.

Roth vs Traditional IRA: The Real Math

The equivalence proof nobody shows you, when each account wins, and the contribution-limit twist.

Social Security at 62 vs 67 vs 70: The Timing Math

62 vs 67 vs 70, the breakeven ages (78.7, 80.4, 82.5), and the spousal effect that changes the answer.

Around the world

How EPF Interest Is Calculated

EPFO's monthly running balance method, a fully worked year at 8.25%, and the ₹15,000 ceiling trap.

How a Step-Up SIP Works

Raising your SIP with your salary: ₹98.9 lakh flat vs ₹1.97 crore stepped up over 20 years.

ISA vs Pension: Where Should Your Next £ Go?

Tax relief on the way in vs tax freedom on the way out — worked examples for basic and higher-rate taxpayers.

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Educational content only — not financial advice.